Jacobean

Jacobean strictly describes the period of the reign of King James I of England (who was also James VI of Scotland) from 1603 to 1625, although it has also been used to include the reign of his son Charles I (1625 to 1649) and also right up to and including the reign of James II (1685-1688).

The looser definition of the period encompases most of the 17th century including the Interregnum of Cromwell and unsurprisingly the style of furniture changed throughout the the overall period.

The early period was similar to Elizabethan furniture, which was characterised by being very strong and sturdy, very large and usually made of oak or pine. This style inspired the furniture of the new colonies settled by the Pilgrim Fathers and American Jacobean furniture is often called Pilgrim furniture. There was little exotic influence and the ornamentation was less ostentatious than in the previous Elizabethan era. Particular types of furniture of this early period include Jacobean chairs and the development of long tables and mule chests.

The period under Charles I saw much more emphasis on comfort and Charles took far more interest in the furnishing of his palaces and mansions than his father had. As the King he was the arbiter of good taste, and there was much more use of padded upholstery, the use of embroidery and the use of carpets rather than rush mats. Veneers and inlays started to be used and many pieces were painted. Upholstery materials included tapestry, crewelwork, wool, linen, silk and velvet. Gate leg tables were developed during this time.

The ‘Cromwellian’ period (1644 to 1660) saw a simplification of style with the influence of the Puritans, and in reaction to this the Restoration (or Carolean) period under Charles II from 1660 onwards saw a massive flourishing of ornamentation and very conspicuous luxury including the use of exotic woods for inlays, floral marquetry, twisted turned supports and legs and cane seats and backs on chairs. New types of furniture were introduced including armchairs, wing chairs, cabinets on stands, day beds and chests of drawers. There was also a great deal of influence from the Low Countries and motifs such as Flemish scrolls appeared.